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safe-in-calf--pregnant beyond doubt; usually reported after a veterinarian's examination. scale--refers to the animal's development in size and frame in terms of height, length, and width, rather than weight. scours--diarrhea. Young calves may get scours by consuming too much milk or by pathogen infection. scrotum--the bag enclosing the testes. scurs--small, imperfectly formed horns not attached to the skull. seedstock--foundation animals for establishing a herd. served--a bred female, not guaranteed safe-in-calf. service--the ability or act of breeding. sheath--the tubular fold of skin into which the penis is retracted. sickle hocked--a condition in which the hind legs curve under the body in a "sickle" fashion, as viewed from the side. sire--the father of a calf. spay--to remove surgically the ovaries of a female animal. springer--a heifer or cow showing signs of advanced pregnancy; near to calving. stag--a male bovine castrated after sex characteristics are developed. steer--a male bovine castrated before sexual maturity. stocker--see feeder cattle. structural soundness--the physical condition of the skeletal structure, especially feet and legs. switch--the tip of the tail where the hair is longest. tattoo--an indelible mark or figure used on registered animals for permanent identification. For example, one can use a combination of letters and numbers in the ear or ears to indicate the year the animal was born. trait--a distinguishing quality or feature. trimness--freedom from excess fat and flabbiness in the brisket, underline, and flanks. type--the sum total of all the characteristics that make up the ideal beef animal or that suit any animal for a specific purpose, e.g., beef type or dairy type. USDA grade--a rating by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. weaned--no longer nursing the dam. Weaning is the act of separating a calf from its mother. weanling--a calf recently weaned. weight per day of age--a measure of weight gain; usually from birth to weaning, or from birth to 1 year old. yearling--an animal about 1 year old or older. yield grade--a rating given to a beef carcass; a numerical score based on an estimated percentage of carcass weight in boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from the round, loin, rib, and chuck. Beef Cattle Facilities and Equipment.
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